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CHAPTER VIII.

THE FRENCH ALLIANCE.

	Page
The four periods of the Revolutionary war	1 - 4
Consequences of Saratoga; consternation in England	4, 5
Views of the different parties	6
Lord North's political somersault	7
Strange scene in the House of Commons	8
Treaty between France and the United States (February 6, 1778)	9, 10
Great Britain declares war against France (March 13)	11
Demand for Lord Chatham for prime minister	12, 13
The king's rage	13, 14
What Chatham would have tried to do	15
Death of Chatham	16, 17
His prodigious greatness	17, 22
Lord North remains in power	22
His commissioners in America fail to accomplish anything	23
Germaine's new plan for conducting the war	24

CHAPTER IX.

VALLEY FORGE.

Distress in America	25
Lack of organization	26, 27
Vexatious meddling of Congress with the army	28
Sufferings at Valley Forge	29
Promoting officers for non-military reasons	30
Absurd talk of John Adams	31
Gates is puffed up with success	32
And shows symptoms of insubordination	33
The Conway cabal	34-36
Attempts to injure Washington	36-37
Conway's letter to Gates	38
Gate's letter to Washington	39
Washington's reply	40
Gates tries, unsuccessfully to save himself by lying	41
But is successful, as usual, in keeping from under fire	42
The forged letters	43
Scheme for invading Canada	43
The dinner at York, and Lafayette's toast	44
Absurdity of the scheme	45
Downfall of the cabal	46
Decline of the Continental Congress	47
Increasing influence of Washington	48

CHAPTER X.

MONMOUTH AND NEWPORT

Baron Friedrich von Steuben	50, 51
He arrives in America and visits Congress at York	52
His work in training the army at Valley Forge	53, 54
His manual of tactics	55
Sir William Howe resigns his command	56
The Mischianza	57
The British evacuate Philadelphia (June 18, 1778)	58
Arnold takes command here	58
Charles Lee is exchanged and returns to his command in the American      army	59
Washington pursues the British	60
His plan of attack	61
Battle of Monmouth (June 28)	62-65
Lee's shameful retreat	62, 63
Washington retrieves the situation	64
It was a drawn battle	65
Washington's letter to Lee	66
Trial and sentence of Lee	67, 68
Lee's character and schemes	69, 70
Lee's expulsion from the army; his death	71
The situation at New York	72
The French fleet unable to enter the harbour	73
General Prescott at Newport	74
Attempt to capture the British garrison at Newport	75
Sullivan seizes Butt's Hill	76
Naval battle prevented by storm	76, 77
Estaing goes to Boston to refit his ships	77
Yeomanry go home in disgust	78
Battle of Butt's Hill (August 29)	79
The enterprise abandoned	79
Unpopularity of the French alliance	80
Stagnation of the war in the northern states	81

CHAPTER XI.

WAR ON THE FRONTIER.

Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea, missionary and war-chief	82-85
The Tories of western New York	85, 86
The valley of Wyoming and its settlers from Connecticut	87
Massacre at Wyoming (July 3, 1778)	88, 89
Massacre at Cherry Valley (November 10)	90
Sullivan's expedition against the Iroquois	90-91
Battle of Newtown (August 29, 1779)	91
Devastation of the Iroquois country	92
Reign of terror in the Mohawk valley	93
The wilderness beyond the Alleghanies	94, 95
Rivalry between Pennsylvania and Virginia for the possession of Fort Pitt	96
Lord Dunmore's war (1774)	97
Logan and Cresap	98-100
Battle of Point Pleasant (Octobe 10, 1774) and its consequences	100
Settlement of Kentucky	101
And of eastern Tennessee	102
Defeat of the Cherokees on the Watauga and its consequences	103
George Rogers Clark	103-104
His conquest of the northwestern territory (1778)	105
Capture of Vincennes (February 23, 1779)	106
Settlement of middle Tennessee	107
Importance of Clark's conquest	108-109
Tryon's raids upon the coast of Connecticut	110
Sir Henry Clinton captures the fortress at Stony Point (May 31, 1779)	111
Wayne recaptures Stony Point by storm (July 16)	112
Evacuation of Stony Point	113
Henry Lee's exploit at Paulus Hook (August 18)	114-115

CHAPTER XII

WAR ON THE OCEAN

Importance of the control of the water	116
Feeble action of Congress	117, 118
American and British cruisers	119
Lambert Wickes and Gustavus Conyngham	120
John Paul Jones	120
Franklin's supervision of maritime affairs	121
Jones's squadron	122, 123
His cruise on the British coast	123, 124
He meets a British fleet off Flamborough Head	124
Terrific fight between the Serapis and the Bon Homme Richard (September 23, 1779)	125-128
Effect of Jones's victory	129
Why Denmark and Russia were interested in it	130
Relations of Spain and France to England	131, 132
Intrigues of Spain	132, 133
Treaty between Spain and France (April, 1779)	134
French and Spanish fleets attempt an invasion of England      (August, 1779)	135, 136
Sir George Rodney	137
Rights of neutrals upon the sea	138
The Consolato del Mare	139
England's conduct in the eighteenth century	140
Prussian doctrine that free ships make free goods	141
Influence of the French philosophers	142
Great Britain wishes to secure an alliance with Russia	143
Importance of Minorca	144
France adopts the Prussian doctrine	145, 146
The affair of Fielding and Bylandt	147
Spanish cruisers capture Russian vessels	148
Catherine's proclamation (March 8, 1780)	149
The Armed Neutrality	149-150
Vast importance of the principles laid down by Catherine	151-154
Holland joins the Armed Neutrality	155
Great Britain declares war against Holland (Dec. 20, 1780)	156-158
Capture of St. Eustatius (February 3, 1781)	159
Shameful proceedings	160
Ignominious results of the politics of George III.	161-162

CHAPTER XIII.

A YEAR OF DISASTERS.

State of affairs in Georgia and South Carolina	164-165
Georgia overrun by the British	166
Arrival of General Lincoln (December, 1778)	167
Partisan warefare; barbarous reprisals	168
The Americans routed at Briar Creek (March 3, 1779)	169
Vandalism of General Prevost	170
Plan for arming negroes	170
Indignation in South Carolina	171
Action of the council	172
End of the campaign	173
Attempt to recapture Savannah	174
Clinton and Cornwallis go to Georgia	175-176
The British advance upon Charleston	177
Surrender of Charleston (May 12, 1780)	178
South Carolina overrun by the British	179
Clinton returns to New York	180
An injudicious proclomation	180
Disorders in South Carolina	181
The strategic points	182
Partisan commanders	182
Francis Marion	183
Thomas Sumter	184
First appearance of Andrew Jackson in history	185
Advance of Kalb	185
Gates appointed to the chief command in the South	186
Choice of roads to Camden	187
Gates chooses a wrong road	188
He loses the moment for striking	189
And weakens his army on the eve of battle	190
And is surprised by Cornwallis	191
Battle of Camden (Aug. 16, 1780); total & ignominious defeat of Gates	191-193
His campaign was a series of blunders	194
Partisan operations	195
Weariness and depression of the people	196
Evils wrought by the paper currency	197
"Not worth a Continental"	198
Taxes paid in the form of specific supplies	199
Difficulty of keeping the army together	200
The French alliance	201
Lafayette's visit to France (February, 1779)	202
Arrival of part of the French auxilliary force under Count      Rochambeau, (July, 1780)	203
The remainder is detained in France by a British fleet	204
General despondency	205

CHAPTER XIV.

BENEDICT ARNOLD

Arnold put in command of Philadelphia (June, 1778)	206
He gets into difficulties with the government of Pennyslvania	207
Miss Margaret Shippen	208
Views of the moderate Tories	208, 209
Arnold's drift toward Toryism	209
He makes up his mind to leave the army	210
Charges are brought against him (January, 1779)	211
He is acquitted by a committee of Congress (March)	211
The case is referred to a court-martial (April)	212
First correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton	213
The court-martial acquits Arnold of all serious charges but directs      Washington to remprimand him for two very trivial ones. (Jan. 26,      1780)	214
Arnold thirsts for revenge upon Congress.	215
Significance of West Point	216
Secret interview between Arnold and Andre' (September 22)	217, 218
The plot for surrendering West Point	219
Andre' takes compromising documents	220
And is persuaded to return to New York by land	221
The roads infested by robbers	221
Arrest of Andre' (September 23)	222
Colonel Jameson's perplexity	223
Washington returns from Hartford sooner than expected	224
Flight of Arnold (September 25)	225, 226
Discovery of the treasonable plot	227
Andre' taken to Tappan (September 28)	228
Andre's trial and sentence (September 29)	229
Clinton's arguments and protests	230
Captain Ogden's message	231
Execution of Andre' (October 2)	231
Lord Stanhope's unconscious impudence	232
There is no reason in the world why Andre's life should have been      spared	233
Captain Battersby's story	234
Arnold's terrible downfall	235
Anecdotes	236
Arnold's family	237
His remorse and death (June 14, 1801)	238
Reflections	238, 239
Fate of Clinton's emissaries	242
Further mutiny suppressed	242, 243

CHAPTER XV.

YORKTOWN

Cornwallis invades North Carolina (September, 1780)	244
Ferguson's expedition	245
Rising of the backwoodsmen	246
Battle of King's Mountain (October 7, 1780)	247
Effect of the blow	248
Reinforcements from the North; arrival of Daniel Morgan	249
Greene appointed to chief command at the South	250, 251
Greene's daring strategy; he threatens Cornwallis on both flanks	252
Cornwallis retorts by sending Tarleton against Morgan	253
Morgan's position at the Cowpens	254
Battle of the Cowpens (January 17, 1781); nearly the whole British      force captured in the field	254, 255
Brilliant movements of Morgan and Greene; they lead Cornwallis a      chase across North Carolina	256, 257
Further manoeuvres	258
Battle of Guilford (March 15)	258, 259
Retreat of Cornwallis	260
He abandons the Carolinas and marches into Virginia	261
Greene's master-stroke; he returns to South Carolina (April 6-18)	262
And, by taking Fort Watson, cuts Lord Rawdon's communications (April      23)	263
Rawdon defeats Greene at Hobkirk's Hill (April 25) but is none the less      obliged to give up Camden in order to save his army (May 10)	264
All the inland posts taken from the British (May-June)	265
Rawdon goes to England leaving Stuart in command	265
Greene marches against Stuart (August 22)	266
Battle of Eutaw Springs (September 8)	267
Greene's superb generalship	267, 268
Lord Cornwallis arrives at Petersburg (May 20)	269
His campaign against Lafayette	270, 271
Cornwallis retreats to the coast, and occupies Yorktown	272
Elements of the final catastrophe; arrival of the French fleet	273, 274
News from Grasse and Lafayette	275
Subtle and audacious scheme of Washington	276
He transfers his army to Virginia (August 29-September 18)	277, 278
Movements of the fleets	279
Cornwallis surrounded at Yorktown	280
Clinton's attempt at a counter-stroke; Arnold's proceedings at New      London (September 6)	281, 282
Surrender of Cornwallis	283
Importance of the aid rendered by the French fleet and army	284
Effect of the news in England	285, 286
Difficult position of Great Britain	287
Rodney's victory over Grasse (April 12, 1782)	288
Resignation of Lord North (March 20, 1782)	289
Defeat of the political schemes of George III.	290
Index at the back of the book	291

MAPS

Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, from the first edition of Irving's      Life of Washington	62
Battle of Camden, August 16, 1780, from a sketch by the author	192
Battle of Cowpens, January 17, 1781, ditto	254
Greene and Cornwallis in the Carolinas, January-April, 1781, ditto	258
Cornwallis and Lafayette in Virginia, May-August, 1781, ditto	272
Washington's march upon Yorktown, August 19-September 26, 1781,      ditto	278

INDEX AT THE BACK OF THE BOOK (for both volumes in Vol. II)	291

TYPED AND REFORMATED BY JANICE FARNSWORTH

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